Results - November 17, 2023 FMT
| Actual Radio Frequencies (Hz): | ||
| 80m | 40m | |
| K5CM | 3,599,123.26 | 7,065,073.73 |
| W8RKO | 3,598,751.70 | 7,064,331.30 |
K5CM,W8RKO All (<=1.0 Hz):
AA6LK, AC9LV, AF9A, GW4BVE, K0DSP, K0MZ, K5CM, K8GB, K8YUM, K9ARF, K9JM, KA7OEI, KA8BRK, KD2BD, KD5FX, KD7KDO, KD8RV, KE0NRE, KE6ZLX, KJ6HYC, KM6QX, KN1H, N0PFE, N1IRO, N5KAE, N5LUL, N7QXB, N8LR, N8OBJ, N8OQ, N9BPL, NV3C, VE2IQ, VE3CXB, VE3GSO, VE3OAT, VE3YX, VE7CNF, W0DAS, W0HBK, W0MDR, W2FD, W2TX, W3JW, W4IVF, W5LAC, W5SSV, W6OQI, W7IY, W7SUA, W8EDU, W8WTS, W9FLA, W9GR, W9INE, W9MDB, W9TN, WA1SXK, WA5UCW, WA7X, WB7ABP, WB8REI, WQ8T
K5CM 80 (<=1.0 Hz):
AA6LK, AB9IO, AC9LV, AD7G, AF9A, AJ4YA, GW4BVE, K0DSP, K0MZ, K1MU, K3DBD, K5CM, K5ND, K6LL, K7NG, K8GB, K8YUM, K9ARF, K9JM, KA5QEP, KA7OEI, KA8BRK, KB2HSH, KD2BD, KD5FX, KD5MMM, KD7KDO, KD8RV, KD9VUZ, KE0NRE, KE6ZLX, KI4NVX, KJ6HYC, KM6QX, KN1H, N0PFE, N1IRO, N5IY, N5KAE, N5LUL, N7QXB, N8LR, N8OBJ, N8OQ, N9BPL, NF7R, NK5B, NV3C, SP5LST, VE2IQ, VE3CXB, VE3GSO, VE3OAT, VE3YX, VE7CNF, W0DAS, W0HBK, W0MDR, W2FD, W2TX, W3FAY, W3JW, W4IVF, W5AJ, W5LAC, W5SSV, W6BM, W6OQI, W7IY, W7SUA, W8EDU, W8WTS, W9FLA, W9GR, W9INE, W9MDB, W9TN, WA1SXK, WA4FJC, WA5UCW, WA7BNM, WA7X, WB2CMF, WB7ABP, WB8REI, WQ8T
K5CM 80 (>1 to <=5 Hz):
K6APW, KB4XR, N7MM, W4VU, WB4DFW
K5CM 80 (>5 to <=10 Hz):
K1KC, N4CL
K5CM 40 (<=1.0 Hz):
AA6LK, AC9LV, AF9A, GW4BVE, K0DSP, K0MZ, K3DBD, K5CM, K5ND, K6LL, K7NG, K8GB, K8YUM, K9ARF, K9JM, KA7OEI, KA8BRK, KB3HF, KD2BD, KD5FX, KD7KDO, KD8RV, KD9VUZ, KE0NRE, KE6ZLX, KI4NVX, KJ6HYC, KM6QX, KN1H, N0PFE, N1IRO, N5IY, N5KAE, N5LUL, N7QXB, N8LR, N8OBJ, N8OQ, N9BPL, NF7R, NV3C, SP5LST, VE2IQ, VE3CXB, VE3GSO, VE3OAT, VE3YX, VE7CNF, W0DAS, W0HBK, W0MDR, W2FD, W2TX, W3FAY, W3JW, W4IVF, W5AJ, W5LAC, W5SSV, W6BM, W6OQI, W7IY, W7SUA, W8EDU, W8TM, W8WTS, W9FLA, W9GR, W9INE, W9MDB, W9TN, WA1SXK, WA4FJC, WA5UCW, WA7X, WB7ABP, WB8REI, WQ8T
K5CM 40 (>1 to <=5 Hz):
AB9IO, AD7G, AJ4YA, K1MU, KA5QEP, KB2HSH, KB4XR, N7MM, SP6HFE, WA7BNM, WB4DFW
K5CM 40 (>5 to <=10 Hz):
K1KC, KB0YDN, N4CL, W4VU, WB2CMF
W8RKO 80 (<=1.0 Hz):
AA6LK, AB9IO, AC9LV, AD7G, AF9A, AJ4YA, GW4BVE, K0DSP, K0MZ, K3DBD, K5CM, K5ND, K8GB, K8YUM, K9ARF, K9JM, KA5QEP, KA7OEI, KA8BRK, KB3HF, KD2BD, KD5FX, KD5MMM, KD7KDO, KD8RV, KE0NRE, KE6ZLX, KI4NVX, KJ6HYC, KM6QX, KN1H, N0PFE, N1IRO, N5KAE, N5LUL, N7QXB, N8LR, N8OBJ, N8OQ, N9BPL, NK5B, NV3C, SP5LST, VE2IQ, VE3CXB, VE3GSO, VE3OAT, VE3YX, VE7CNF, W0DAS, W0HBK, W0MDR, W2FD, W2TX, W3JW, W4IVF, W5AJ, W5LAC, W5SSV, W6BM, W6OQI, W7IY, W7SUA, W8EDU, W8WTS, W9FLA, W9GR, W9INE, W9MDB, W9TN, WA1SXK, WA5UCW, WA7X, WB2CMF, WB7ABP, WB8REI, WQ8T
W8RKO 80 (>1 to <=5 Hz):
K7NG, KB2HSH, KB4XR, KD9VUZ, N7MM, W3FAY, W4VU, WA7BNM, WB4DFW
W8RKO 80 (>5 to <=10 Hz):
K1KC, K1MU, N4CL
W8RKO 40 (<=1.0 Hz):
AA6LK, AC9LV, AF9A, AJ4YA, GW4BVE, K0DSP, K0MZ, K5CM, K6LL, K7NG, K8GB, K8YUM, K9ARF, K9JM, KA5QEP, KA7OEI, KA8BRK, KB3HF, KD2BD, KD5FX, KD7KDO, KD8RV, KE0NRE, KE6ZLX, KJ6HYC, KM6QX, KN1H, N0PFE, N1IRO, N5IY, N5KAE, N5LUL, N7QXB, N8LR, N8OBJ, N8OQ, N9BPL, NK5B, NV3C, VE2IQ, VE3CXB, VE3GSO, VE3OAT, VE3YX, VE7CNF, W0DAS, W0HBK, W0MDR, W2FD, W2TX, W3FAY, W3JW, W4IVF, W5LAC, W5SSV, W6OQI, W7IY, W7SUA, W8EDU, W8TM, W8WTS, W9FLA, W9GR, W9INE, W9MDB, W9TN, WA1SXK, WA5UCW, WA7X, WB2CMF, WB4DFW, WB7ABP, WB8REI, WQ8T
W8RKO 40 (>1 to <=5 Hz):
AB9IO, K1KC, KB2HSH, KB4XR, N7MM, SP6HFE, WA7BNM
W8RKO 40 (>5 to <=10 Hz):
K1MU, KB0YDN, N4CL, W4VU, W5AJ
| Entries (n=104): | ||||||||||||||
| Call Sign | QTH | Area | Grid | Method/Soapbox | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA6LK | CA | W6 | CM98kw |
|
Method: HP Z3805A 10MHz GPSDO, Marconi 2019 HF synth, HP 3325A LF synth, HP 54601A o'scope, FT-847 in AM/narrow mode, 5BTV antenna, Win10 laptop running SpecLab, Digipan for spotting, EZGPIB driving USBserial and Prologix USB-GPIB to control and interrogate the instruments and radio, GPSCon for monitoring Z3805A; the 2019 was set to inject a reference beat signal to produce a ~400Hz beat tone, and the 3325A was manually tuned for minimum phase slip between it and the beat tone as seen on o'scope. Each run was also recorded to a .wav file through SpecLab, replayed and anaylzed as a sanity check. Soapbox: Thanks Michael and Connie for another fine event. Good "clear air" for measurements tonight, which means the readings are immediately suspect. 73, L- | |||||||||
| AA7OO | AZ | W7 | DM43eh |
|
Method: (none) Soapbox: 40M: Could not audiablly hear either W8RKO or KC5CM and barely see them on both receiver & wsjtx waterfalls, YET ... could hear, see, and copy FT8 signals during both 40M 'KEY DOWN" periods... 80M: Very noisy sourc at 3560KHz. Only saw both signals in waterfall. | |||||||||
| AB9IO | WI | W9 | EN54sd |
|
Method: RSP2 with SDRUNO. Soapbox: First time participating in the FMT. It was fun! | |||||||||
| AC9LV | IL | W9 | EN52kh |
|
Method: FTDX101MP...tapped fed into SDRplay RSP2...calibrated to WWV Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| AD7G | CA | W6 | DM13bu |
|
Method: Used FTDX3000, GPSDO, and a Freq. Counter. Soapbox: Totally missed first run distracted by big Commercial BC station in my area on our FMT call up area. All others ok. Big thanks to Connie and the FMT team for putting on this event. | |||||||||
| AF4ZE | NC | W4 | FM05mw |
|
Method: Flex Radio 6600 with Leo Bodnar GPSDO at 10MHz, WSJT-X in FreqCal mode with 500Hz wide capture/filter. ARRL EFHW at about 10m from ground, wire oriented E-W, so "beam" N-S. Checked CHU3330, WWV5000, CHU7850 and made minor corrections based on those readings. Soapbox: Thanks to K5CM and W8RKO!!! This is great fun! I was all set on all frequencies, but got called away a few minutes before the 0233 transmission. All signals, from Morse through the FMT tone were strong (next time I'll log the SNR and variation, but good copy throughout). BTW, logging web page feedback: I am hoping this gets properly logged - I started and hit the CR after making my first entry, so the web page "submitted" it - that is a bad default action, possibly the web page should ask "are you sure?" before actually making the submission. | |||||||||
| AF9A | IN | W9 | EM69wv |
|
Method: Open HPSDR Mercury receiver. WSJT-X Frequency Cal mode. Frequency standard 10MHz OCXO calibrated to WWV, CHU. Soapbox: Good signals. W8RKO S9+10 to +20. K5CM S9+30 both bands. Thanks for another good FMT! | |||||||||
| AG5AT | AL | W4 | EM63rq |
|
Method: Flex 6600M with GPSDO Fldigi Soapbox: Used fldigi this time. have no expectations | |||||||||
| AJ4YA | NC | W4 | FM05st |
|
Method: Used Elecraft K3s with Fan Dipole antenna for 40M and End Fed Long Wire for 80M. Zero-beat to nearest Hz then guessed the fraction of a Hz. Corrected for error in tuner with Excel spreadsheet. Soapbox: I think the signals from both stations were the best I've heard since I started doing this. I hindsight I should have attenuated the signals before trying to zerobeat. As always, it has fun. Thank you. | |||||||||
| GW4BVE | DX | DX | IO82kq |
|
Method: SDRplay RSPdx locked to GPS on 24MHz. SDRuno plus SpectrumLab. Soapbox: Decent signals from both stations on both bands. Ionosphere seemed fairly stable. Good fun but tired today!!! | |||||||||
| K0DSP | NE | W0 | EN10ow |
|
Method: Flex6400 using Fldigi in FMT mode Soapbox: Still learning! | |||||||||
| K0MZ | CA | W6 | DM03ts |
|
Method: TR-7 receiver, local oscillator into Heathkit IM-4100 counter clocked with HP 10544A OCXO. Zero beat local oscillator to signal by ear. Calibrated HP 10544A to WWV at noon today for most stable ionosphere. Soapbox: Local noise level was S-8 on 40 meters and S-9 on 80 meters. Signal levels were: W8RKO S-7 to noise on 40 and S-10 over to S-9 on 80. K5CM S-9 to noise on 40 and S-10 over to S-9 on 80. Thank you Mike and Connie for another fun filled evening of playing with radios. | |||||||||
| K1KC | GA | W4 | EM73xs |
|
Method: Flex 6400 disciplined by Zyfer GPSDO. 1 Hz max resolution Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| K1MU | VA | W4 | FM18ju |
|
Method: Bodnar mini GPS used for reference IC-7610 with BG7TBL clock. Soapbox: FLdigi (4.2.03) created badly corrupted CSV files during record, hopefully I repaired them by deleting the junk entries. Submitting raw entries with no doppler offset as my measured shift was negative before and positive after the test. Next time I'll have to spend more time beforehand getting prepped to make sure the software is working. | |||||||||
| K3DBD | PA | W3 | FN20fe |
|
Method: GPS disciplined rx driving DDS signal generator @ 50MHz. Measured beat frequency in AM mode on IC-7300 using Spectrum Lab software. A mixer was used to combine antenna and DDS output. DDS generator has a precision of 10 uHz, not a typo. Local QRM and high line noise was problematic. Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| K5CM | OK | W5 | EM25ir |
|
Method: HP Z3801 GPS frequency standard, HP-3336b. A 10 db transistor amp follows and drives a 12by7 / pair 6146. Then to the final amplifier (8877) running 800 watts out. There are no mixers or any device in the chain of amplifiers that might impact the accuracy of the GPS frequency source. RX: K3 in AM mode with signal injection from a GPS locked HP-3336B. Audio is feed to Spectrum lab. Soapbox: Mike was good copy on both 80 and 40 meters. | |||||||||
| K5ND | TX | W5 | EM12kv |
|
Method: IC-9100 calibrated to WWV/CHU via WSJT-X. Frequency measured using WSJT-X. Soapbox: Even though I keep notes, it seems like I need to learn the procedures anew each time. Had a rough go getting the first transmission properly measured, but got all the rest. | |||||||||
| K6APW | CA | W6 | CM87uv |
|
Method: Direct readout receiver Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| K6LL | AZ | W7 | DM22qq |
|
Method: Uncalibrated AM receiver, Bodnar GPSDO used as BFO, Spectrum Lab Software. Doppler from measuring 5 MHz WWV, Soapbox: Due to an equipment problem, I botched the 80M W8RKO run. | |||||||||
| K7NG | OR | W7 | CN73ui |
|
Method: IC-7610, External 10 MHz GPSDO reference, FLDIGI Analysis mode, 43' vertical Soapbox: A GPSDO reference improves confidence but I wasn't hearing the 80M signals very well. I'm REALLY not sure if I was measuring W8RKO's signal on 80. 40M coming in adequately from both stations. Also, I am proving that no amount of preparation removes human error from the realm of possibilty. | |||||||||
| K8GB | MI | W8 | EN82ln |
|
Method: HFSDR calibrated against WWV. Using ECSS Phase Scope Soapbox: W8RKO 40M sig was weak, band was long and skipping over, other three transmissions were good signals. | |||||||||
| K8YUM | TX | W5 | EM00kb |
|
Method: (none) Soapbox: All signals seemed unusually "jittery" with much rapid deep fading- analysis was difficult and frankly not well trusted. | |||||||||
| K9ARF | WI | W9 | EN54xn |
|
Method: Direct conversion receiver: KK7B "R2Pro" with AA0ZZ "IQPro" DDS synth. Count RF osc and count tone freq, add 'em. Tone counter Fluke 175. RF freq counter HP5340A (late 1970s vintage - nixie display!). Calibrate check is QRP Labs "ProgRock2" GPS disciplined oscillator. Soapbox: My first FMT, wanted to see how close I can get with my simple equipment, not using soundcard/software. Hope I did good, de K9ARF 73 | |||||||||
| K9JM | CA | W6 | CM99lc |
|
Method: Calibrated K3S and tuning forks Soapbox: Tried a different take on the annual guessing game. | |||||||||
| KA5QEP | OK | W5 | EM15ni |
|
Method: ICOM IC-R9500 receiver. Audio recorded and analyzed with Mathematica notebook. Soapbox: All signals were received well. The only problem was Doppler shift on K5CM's signal. The histogram showed two sets of arrivals. Which one should I pick? Flip a coin I guess. | |||||||||
| KA7OEI | UT | W7 | DN40ao |
|
Method: Z3801 GPSDO feeding Schlumberger Si4031 w/output lightly coupled to antenna. A local signal was injected several hundred Hz below FMT TX. RX was Kenwood TX-570D in USB, output was recorded. On playback, frequency of the two tones (local & FMT TX) were measured. In another run, distortion was added on playback (in the "Audacity" program) to allow mixing of both tones to measure difference, so that there would be uncertainty with only *one* frequency measurement, the result being added to the known local reference frequency: This "mixing at audio" procedure completely nulls out receiver drift, eliminating the need to lock it to a reference. Both measurements resulted in the same number within the certainty of measurements - both types being done for "sanity" checking and the frequency from the "mixed" method was then used. After each FMT run the same procedure was done on the 5 MHz WWV signal as an additional sanity check. Soapbox: W8RKO signals were about 579 on both bands while K5CM were 599. About 0.2Hz of Doppler spread was observed on both 40 meter signals - K5CM slightly more than W8RKO. | |||||||||
| KA8BRK | OH | W8 | EN81fc |
|
Method: IC-706MKII, IC-7100, 80 Meter Inverted V, Bodnar Mini GPSDO, Homebrew GPSDO, fldigi, LibreOffice Soapbox: Good signals. First time trying to use fldigi, not sure I got it right. No attempt to 'cancel the Doppler error". Thanks to all who help with this. | |||||||||
| KB0YDN | CO | W0 | DN70ii |
|
Method: 10 MHz GPS disciplined oscillator Ten-Tec RX-340 receiver using reference above Advantest U3641 spectrum analyzer reading first IF using reference above Soapbox: W8RKO came in on 40, unheard on 80 K5CM boomed in on 40, wasn't able to get a good reading on 80 | |||||||||
| KB2HSH | NY | W2 | FN03na |
|
Method: Xiegu G90 connected to a PAR EF-10/20/40. Software used was flrig/fldigi. Soapbox: First FMT from new QTH...first FMT with the Xiegu...first FMT of 2023 (I missed out on April due to health issues). Was very happy to hear W8RKO as perfectly as I did on 3.5...signals were rock solid and looked great in fldigi. Always fun!! Thank you, guys!! | |||||||||
| KB3HF | MO | W0 | EM48qt |
|
Method: TS-890, Titan Vertical, WSPR software Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| KB4XR | VA | W4 | FM18hw |
|
Method: ICOM 725 fitted with TCXO. Rig CW (narrowband filtered) audio output recorded from SignaLink. Data analysis using FFTs with 0.1 Hz bin size. Reference beat frequency obtained by same analysis of WWV 5MHz and CHU 3.33 MHz Soapbox: This is a 35 year old rig. Finest tuning is 10 Hz. Beat freqs including WWV 10 and 15 MHz don't fall on a straight line so I can't really interpolate. Other timing e.g. the audio interface is of questionable stability. I'm guessing I'm within 3 or 4 Hz. | |||||||||
| KD2BD | NJ | W2 | FN20xd |
|
Method: All homebrew equipment including a carrier phase tracking receiver, a WWVB referenced frequency standard, electrically small vertically polarized loop antenna, and a frequency counter. Method involved phase locking the receiver's DDS LO to the frequency of the unknown carrier minus a 1 kHz offset, measuring the frequency of the receiver's LO over several 10 second integration periods and taking an average of the readings after factoring in the 1 kHz offset. Details available at: https://www.qsl.net/kd2bd/fmt-methodology.html Soapbox: W8RKO, K5CM, and WWVB all had very strong signals. The Kp-index was less than 1, yet there was still some QSB and short-term phase instability, especially on 80 meters. A vertically polarized loop antenna was used to try to improve reception quality, yet all signals still showed between 0.2 Hz and 0.275 Hz deviations during the key down periods. | |||||||||
| KD5FX | OK | W5 | EM16lr |
|
Method: FLEX6300 (no GPS) with fldigi FMT mode. Calibrated to local Bodnar MiniGPS device. Soapbox: Soapbox: On 80 both signals were +20 over S9. On 40 W8RKO was 20-30 over S9 while K5CM was S8-S9. I would prefer a 0300 start time so I can attend our local club meeting. | |||||||||
| KD5MMM | TX | W5 | EL19ds |
|
Method: FT847, Spectrum Lab, Spreadsheet, CHU for reference. Soapbox: Strong signals from both stations, a bit of wavering on 80m. Hope I'm close. 73 all | |||||||||
| KD7KDO | AZ | W7 | DM33xm |
|
Method: IC7300 and FLDIGI 4.2.03 Soapbox: Motorola Amateur Radio Club of Arizona - MARCA we thank FLDIGI SW coder for fixing FMT software -- :-) How well did AA7OO do? Any others from MARCA? | |||||||||
| KD8RV | MI | W8 | EN82mj |
|
Method: Spot with my K3. Record key down in SDRUno IQ file. Refine resolution with GPSDO'd RSPdx in Synchronous AM mode. Soapbox: W8RKO was difficult rx on 40 meters. Our QTHs just not spaced optimally for that time of night on 40! Nice copy on all other runs. Thanks to all for another fun FMT! | |||||||||
| KD9VUZ | OH | W8 | EN91em |
|
Method: Used an I COM IC-7610 GPS disciplined to Leo Bodnar.Measurements made through FLDIGI and Calibrated through WWV 5MHz. Used a google sheet to aggregate data collected. We used a two element yagi antenna. Soapbox: This was a team effort between Grace Ansburg (KD9VUz) and Luke Sharp (KE8YFA) of the Case Amateur Radio Club (W8EDU). We would both like to thank W8EDU for providing us with opportunity to participate in this contest. | |||||||||
| KE0NRE | CO | W0 | DM79lo |
|
Method: 40m OCF inverted-L dipole antenna, ICOM-7300, Bodnar GPSDO, HP Envy laptop, Windows 10 and Fldigi. Calibrated the laptop's sound card using John Gibbons, N8OBJ, "FMT_InstructionsVer1_03.pdf". Determined the 7300's VFO error offset using the GPSDO set to 3598 kHz and 7064 kHz the afternoon of the FMT. Let 7300 sit idle for 2 hrs prior to start of FMT. Used frequency analysis mode in Fldigi to record 1-sec frequency estimates of transmitted FMT signals. Determined the average of recorded estimates and corrected for Rx offset errors on each band. Soapbox: Significant QSB on the 80m signals at my QTH. Second-to-second variation of frequency estimates were smaller this year than during the past two FMTs. Similarly, variations in signals from WWV and CHU were also smaller throughout the evening than in the past. Was the ionosphere kinder to us this time? | |||||||||
| KE6ZLX | CA | W6 | DM13ie |
|
Method: Nooelec NESDR smart, Ham it up converter v1.0(0.5 ppm TCXO upgrade), Distill am bandstop filter. Mega loop ant MLA-30. GQRX and Fldigi FMT on a linux box. U-BLOX LEA-M8T-0-10 Huawei GPS module controlled by PyGPSClient in fixed mode providing reference freqs. (UNK freq - REF freq) + REF freq. Results plotted and outliers removed. Mean of remaining measurements reported. Soapbox: Strong signals into San Diego. Thank you K5CM and W8RKO for a demanding and fabulous event. Where does this fascination with being in the green box come from? | |||||||||
| KF4FC | VA | W4 | FM08md |
|
Method: Flex 6400 w/o internal oscillator. FLDigi Soapbox: Inputting web page should allow copy and pasting from spreadsheet since a lot of folks use that methodology | |||||||||
| KI4NVX | VA | W4 | FM09vc |
|
Method: IC-7300. ARRL EFHW not extended for 80M. Fldigi-4.1.2.6 (Windows 11) Pre-Checked and Adjusted IC-7300 frequency using built in ICOM function and a Leo Bodnar Precision GPS Reference Clock 15 minutes prior to start of runs. Soapbox: 80M Run from K5CM appeared to slowly drift up in frequency. Not dramatic, maybe 0.5 hertz or less. ?? I am continually amazed at how sensitive the IC-7300 is and how Fldigi (and WSJTX) can pull signals out of the awful hash at my QTH. Hope I got good results as I have been refining my methods after completely blowing the last FMT; completely Operator Error -- poor prep and planning :) | |||||||||
| KJ6HYC | NC | W4 | FM15mk |
|
Method: Icom IC-7610, 8 Hr. warm up, checked against 10 Mhz WWV (no Adj. Required), did the contest. Soapbox: Good strong signals in N. Carolina. IC 7610 set its internal frequency reference when received, have not had to readjust in over 5 years. | |||||||||
| KM6QX | CA | W6 | CM87wv |
|
Method: Used active magnetic loop antenna into a Flex-1500 locked to a GPSDO. Analyzed the ~600 Hz CWU tone with Spectrum Lab. Selected most probable (frequency stable) spectrum peak, then corrected for Flex’s small DDS VFO offset. Soapbox: Tripod mounted loop antenna produced good signals here near San Francisco. Noise floor was very low, below -120 dBm. | |||||||||
| KN1H | NH | W1 | FN33sg |
|
Method: IC-7300 with 80/40M EWE receiving antenna. Turned on radio and computer Monday night and left them on til the FMT. Calibrated Spectrum Lab with WWV 600hz audio tone, used WWV and CHU in CW to derive corrections for IC7300. Averaged 50 samples of each transmission to arrive at these guesses. Soapbox: Thanks to K5CM and W8RKO for hosting another fun FMT! Great signals from both on both bands. All 4 transmissions S9 +10db and free of QRM. Doppler shift quite evident so some guesswork required, we'll see! | |||||||||
| N0PFE | TX | W5 | EM00ul |
|
Method: Equipment: Elecraft K3, AV640 used on 80 meters not very well. Zero beat WWV on 5MHz and 2.5MHz then zero beat and examine Spectrum Lab frequency response. Soapbox: This year I abandoned the W1JT method as I found it too prone for errors and probably wasn't paying attention to detail with it so I opted for the tried and true ear to zero beat method. Worked well in the past anyway. Both bands seemed fairly stable and quieter than usual for me. Fade was greater on 80m with W5CM. This year I could hear both on both bands just fine although their signals were very attenuated due to me using a 40m vertical on 80 meters. (No 80m antenna yet). These are always fun to do. This time skies were cloudy so no astrophotography at the same time as that is always a distraction ;-) | |||||||||
| N1IRO | VT | W1 | FN33qw |
|
Method: Kenwood TS-2000, Bodnar GPSDO reference injected, FL-Digi 4.2.03 comparison between reference and unknown. Soapbox: Thanks for putting these on. Good signals on all 4. First time using FL-Digi...had to correct an error in the spreadsheet columns. | |||||||||
| N4CL | KY | W4 | EM88pm |
|
Method: (none) Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| N5IY | NM | W5 | DM62pg |
|
Method: (none) Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| N5KAE | TX | W5 | EL29gb |
|
Method: WSJTX software, calibrated to WWV at 5, 10, and 15 MHz; IC746pro, 80M dipole receive antenna. Averaged the key-down frequency differences, added to center frequency. Soapbox: Fun as always! HOPE I DID EVERYTHING CORRECTLY!!! | |||||||||
| N5LUL | TX | W5 | DM95cf |
|
Method: Yaesu Ft-920 adjusted against WWV 5mhz signal. Create fudge factor of .9999965 Direct reading of dial indication x fudge factor = my result Soapbox: Had great reception of both stations on all 4 events. Ready to do it again next time. | |||||||||
| N7MM | TX | W5 | EM00jb |
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Method: SRDPlay RSP1A RX with MLA30+ amplified current loop 5 ft off the ground and 70 ft of coax Small Win10 home laptop Soapbox: First time Though been a ham for 61 years. | |||||||||
| N7QXB | UT | W7 | DN40cq |
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Method: Elecraft K4D, Leo Bodnar GPSDO, WWV, and Spectran software Soapbox: Thanks to W8RKO and K5CM for hosting the FMT. | |||||||||
| N8LR | MI | W8 | EN83ak |
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Method: FLDIGI on laptop, TS590SG transceiver with the TCXO by Mark, W7MLG, inverted vee antenna. I let the rig warm up all day. I did a calibration run at 0215Z to estimate the needed corrections for 80m and 40m, made the four measurements, and then immediately did another calibration run. I used WWV at 2.5MHz and 5.0MHz and CHU at 3.33MHz and 7.85MHz. My Excel spreadsheets did all computational work. Soapbox: Thanks Mike and Connie! | |||||||||
| N8OBJ | OH | W8 | EN91fh |
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Method: FLEX 6500, HP3801Z GPSDO, 80M OCF Dipole 30' up Soapbox: Nice clean signals on all 4 tests! | |||||||||
| N8OQ | VA | W4 | FM07uv |
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Method: Elecraft K3 + Miller GPSDO 10 MHz into external ref + Bodnar GPSDO carrier insertion + WSJT-X + Excel + large horizontal loop antenna. Soapbox: One-sigma error est. (Hz) 40m W8RKO 0.474, K5CM 0.093; 80m W8RKO 0.082, K5CM 0.255. Good signals. | |||||||||
| N9BPL | FL | W4 | EL96wi |
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Method: RSP Duo with Leo Bodnar Reference Soapbox: Thanks to all who make this event possible. It is a fun challenge. | |||||||||
| NF7R | NV | W7 | DM26so |
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Method: RCVR: IC-7300 Spectrum Lab Soapbox: Still learning... could only get to one decimal place...but will go to FLdigi and do some true averaging. | |||||||||
| NK5B | FL | W4 | EL96uc |
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Method: Receiver used was Anan 7000DLE SDR.Tuned in FMT signal using very narrow bandwidth DSB mode with phase display showing dot revolving at 1 revolution per Hz of offset from RX digital frequency display value. Tune for slowest rotation of dot and time remaining revolutions to determine offset from RX digital display value. Used GPS disciplined 10 MHz reference. No attempt to compensate for Doppler shift. Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| NV3C | PA | W3 | FN00es |
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Method: IC7300, FLdigi FMT Mode, cheap GPSDO into HP3336 for reference signal. Threw out what looked like bad data. Didn't try to correct for doppler this time. Soapbox: Thanks for doing this. I missed the last few FMT's. All four signals weren't especially strong in WPA, but no fading and FLDigi cooperated by not messing up. | |||||||||
| SP5LST | DX | DX | KO02md |
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Method: IC-7300. PC software - Spectrum Lab. M-Audio M-Track DUO sound card synced with GPSDO. The IC7300 precision is calculated in Spectrum Lab using a 10MHz reference signal connected to the antenna input Soapbox: Thank you so much! This is my second time. It was great. Some problems to receive on 80m. | |||||||||
| SP6HFE | DX | DX | JO81na |
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Method: (none) Soapbox: I am at least 2 hops from the transmiters. Signals were weak and FLDIGI couldn't lock correctly. When I was observing one WebSDR in Poland I was seeing signals shifted to what I was seeing on my waterfall. Will see if this was my setup or their not calibrated LO. | |||||||||
| VE2IQ | ON | VE | FN15nt |
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Method: E-probe -> TS850 CW mode, audio near 800 Hz -> soundcard. Record all xmsns for later analysis. TS850 osc derived from external standard, 10 kHz reference tone recorded simultaneously. Measure audio with FFT, adjust for all known offsets, calculate RF frequencies. Soapbox: All signals received S9+10, great sounding CW, easy copy. Not so sure about measurements. No Doppler correction used, but this time I have estimates. Once I see exact Tx freqs I'll know if applying them would have helped or hindered. Tnx Connie and Mike for the challenge. | |||||||||
| VE3CXB | ON | VE | FN03ag |
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Method: Calibrate receiver within SDRuno against WWV and CHU. Make an IQ recording for each test. Determine offset error from CHU at the time of the transmission and then read off the frequency on the spectrum display in SDRuno. Tenth of a Hertz was done by interpolation. Soapbox: Signals were not as strong compared to the April FMT. Also there was a lot of QSB, especially for K5CM on 80m. The 40m CHU signal disappeared on me during the test so I hoped my earlier calibration still held. In spite of the conditions I still had a lot fun doing it again, and I'm learning in the process. Thanks to all for running this event. | |||||||||
| VE3GSO | ON | VE | EN92ix |
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Method: Bodnar mini GPS referenced clock loose coupled into an IC-7610 on AM 1kHz bandwidth and Spectrum Lab to measure the beat, typicaly about 400~500Hz. Soapbox: Very strong signals tonight. I had to switch to a non-resonant antenna for W8RKO as he was 59+35dB on 80m. Connie was also quite strong, 59++ for both runs. | |||||||||
| VE3OAT | ON | VE | FM25eg |
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Method: Good-old old-fashioned method with receiver in AM mode, GPS-locked signal generator injecting reference about 500 Hz below unknown signal frequency, measure resulting audio tone with SpectrumLab, and mutter darkly about the Doppler. Soapbox: Good signals on all four runs. The most Doppler was seen during 80m run from K5CM. Now just waiting to see which run will prove that the joke was on me all along! | |||||||||
| VE3YX | ON | VE | FN16fd |
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Method: GPSDO stabilized TS-870 and FLdigi. There was QRM on both 80 m runs so I used Goldwave to filter the audio to 1000 +/- 10 Hz and run the result through FLdigi. That made a max of only 30 mHz difference! There was 150 mHz difference between the 1st and 2nd half of W8RKO 40 m. It will be interesting to see which is closer! Soapbox: All 4 signals were good but there was USB SSB QRM on K5CM 80 that was stronger than the FMT signal. FLdigi seemed to do a good job of picking out the FMT. The Doppler seemed less than normal. Thanks again for a fun test. | |||||||||
| VE7CNF | BC | VE | CN89ng |
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Method: Equipment was an IC-7410 in USB mode, and a signal generator with a GPS-disciplined clock to give reference RF signals of accurate frequency. For each run, both the unknown and a reference signal were in the passband. Fldigi in FMT mode was used to measure the two audio tone frequencies and calculate the RF frequency of the unknown signal. Between FMT runs I measured WWV at 5 and 10 MHz to estimate frequency error due to the ionosphere. Soapbox: Signals from W8RKO were strong, K3CM weaker, but both were quite steady. The frequencies varied about 0.4 Hz here due to the ionosphere. | |||||||||
| W0DAS | CO | W0 | DN70kn |
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Method: fldigi using frequency analysis mode and graphing in Excel, line of best fit. Soapbox: Nice signals here in Colorado. More frequency variation in W8RKO compared to K5CM. | |||||||||
| W0HBK | IA | W0 | EN42da |
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Method: Yaesu FT-920 W/TCXO. Direct dial measurement. Soapbox: All signals 599+ in Cedar Rapids. Thanks for conducting the test again! | |||||||||
| W0MDR | CO | W0 | DM79po |
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Method: Perseus SDR Rubidium frequency standard Signal generator locked to Rubidium Signal generator output mixed with antenna signal. Soapbox: Perseus captured the test broadcast to a .WAV file. Signal generator (reference signal was captured along with the test broadcast from K5CM & W8RKO. Precise measurements were made of the test broadcast and calibrated with reference signal from signal generator. Test broadcast signal had about 1Hz PK-PK of Doppler shift. Reporting anything more accurate than +/- 0.5 Hz is guess work!!!! | |||||||||
| W1HB | VA | W4 | FM18ku |
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Method: Anan 7000, WWV, Spectrum Lab Soapbox: Thanks to hosts. Good signals into VA | |||||||||
| W2FD | PA | W3 | EN91wx |
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Method: ICOM 7100, TEK-535 SCOPE, HP-205AG AUDIO GENERATOR, HP-5385A COUNTER. Measure near 600 Hz. CW and CW-R audio output of transceiver with scope with sweep synched by audio generator and generator frequency measured with counter to .01 Hz. resolution. Receiver Calibrated with WWV signal during afternoon session today using very stable 25 Mhz, signal, Soapbox: Mike and Connie--Thanks, again for your efforts, W8RKO signal on 40 meters very weak here ~ S3 with noise. I was not sure of the W8RKO key-down frequency as stronger QRM signal appeared on the call-up frequency. All the other test frequency signals were very strong S9-S9 +20 although all signals had rapid frequency fluctuation during the tests, | |||||||||
| W2TX | GA | W4 | EM74se |
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Method: I use a KWM-380 modified to lock to an external standard which is a homebrew 10 MHz GPSDO. I use Spectrum Lab SW on a soundcard whose clock is also derived from the GPSDO. I tune the radio to the nearest 10 Hz tuning step and read the offset to the displayed frequency on thee Spectrum Lab display. Soapbox: All four signals were S9+ in north GA. There was some fading on K5CM's 80M signal. A big Thank You to K5CM and W8RKO! | |||||||||
| W3FAY | MD | W3 | FM18ox |
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Method: Kenwood TS-890S; 30 Ft. vertical w/ATU; Spectran audio analysis software. Prior to test, calibrated against WWV (2.5, 5, 10MHz) where Spectran measured the same 700Hz sidetone while toggling between CW and CW-R. During test, recorded TS-890S frequency where I measured the same 700Hz sidetone in Spectran (as with WWV) while alternating between CW and CW-R modes. Soapbox: All four signals were nice and strong. Thanks for conducting this! | |||||||||
| W3JW | VA | W4 | FM17tq |
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Method: IC7610 (with external hi stability xtal osc) into Spectrum Lab Soapbox: Excellent signals on all four transmissions K5Cm was S9+20 on 40M and S9+20 on 80M. W8rko was S9+5db on 40M and S9+10dB on 80M. Multipath and doppler shift were there but not "wild and wooly" this time. Tnx to all for making the event possible. | |||||||||
| W4IVF | VA | W4 | EM96to |
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Method: Xtal Oscillator-locked reference compared to unknown with Spectrum Lab software. Soapbox: My setup ran fine for 2 days warmup. When I checked on everything about 1.5 hours before the event, I found that my GPS receiver died. So I had to make measurements with a Xtal oscillator reference after ONE hour warmup. We will see....... | |||||||||
| W4VU | NC | W4 | FM06hm |
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Method: HP3586B with QRP Labs GPSDO. Antenna 130 ft OCF dipole at 35ft. Locked in signal as close as possible during call up and used 400 Hz filtering. Once steady carrier heard locked frequency then wrote down as many observations as possible on paper. Once test over took values with highest frequency of occurrence. Soapbox: Excellent reception for all transmissions! Hopefully my ancient technology from the 1970s still works. Warm up period one hour before locking on WWV at 5 MHz was showing up to 20 Hz off frequency. | |||||||||
| W5AJ | TX | W5 | DM82va |
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Method: Spectrum Lab, K3 Soapbox: hope practice sessions resume... Tried to get about 1khz from signal, that killed some valuable time | |||||||||
| W5LAC | MS | W5 | EM51hh |
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Method: Leo Bodnar GPSDO, Flex3000 and Spectrum Lab. Soapbox: Strong signals, some Doppler. Thanks to K5CM and W8RKO! | |||||||||
| W5SSV | TX | W5 | EL39ax |
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Method: Combined 80 meter loop with a fan dipole on an MFJ-1026 noise canceller. HP-3586 selective level meter slaved to 10 MHz reference. Soapbox: Exercise was operated as a club function powered by coffee and cookies. Propagation was like a pipeline on both bands. Everyone had a great time. Thanks for putting it on guys! | |||||||||
| W6BM | CA | W6 | CM87uv |
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Method: Hammarlund SP-600 Soapbox: Thanks again, Connie | |||||||||
| W6OQI | CA | W6 | DM04vf |
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Method: (none) Soapbox: ALL FOUR SIGNALS WERE GOOD IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA | |||||||||
| W7IY | VA | W4 | FM18hk |
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Method: K4D locked to 10MHz Rubidium frequency standard. Audio recorded with Audacity and analyzed with Spectrum Lab. K4's sound card frequency calibration checked against WWV before the test. Measurements taken in USB. Used Spectrum Lab peak function and exported values to Excel. Noted doppler shift, so used peak values where values appeared to be the most stable. Soapbox: This is my first FMT. Hopefully, I carried out the measurements correctly. Next time, I think I'll record WWV on the second sub-receiver to see if I can subtract the doppler. | |||||||||
| W7KPZ | OR | W7 | CN84ka |
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Method: SDR1a, indoor wire antenna. Soapbox: Not at all sure I heard K5CM on 80 -- very weak. Never heard the other transmissions at all. This is the first time I have struck out. | |||||||||
| W7MOT | AZ | W7 | DM43eh |
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Method: hardwares: Receiver iQ-2, Displined clock, Scorpion Antenna, PC with many monitors. softwares: Windows 10, OpenHPSDR, VB-Audio, WSJT-X 1.7.0 rc2. WSJT-X Configuration: FMT Mode: FreqCal used the FMT WSPR users guide. Merged this with the WSJT-X Userr Guide section 13. Added some common sense. All calculations were done using 64bit digital image converted to wave file then played back through OpenHPSDR. Soapbox: .wave file did not prove to receive audio or better waterfall within wsjtx. However, doing some filtering, noise manupulation with OpenHPSDR along with looping the recording did building a better fmt.all file. Processing seemed to produce a logical better result. Noise floor was 92dbm which is very noisy. This is first time using wsjtx approach and found it somewhat frustrating when working with bad signals. | |||||||||
| W7SUA | AZ | W7 | DM34rs |
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Method: I used the fldigi FMT modem with a reference signal from my GPSDO controlled Sigent SDG2042x sig gen fed into a combiner in the external Rx loop. I set up the reference 300 Hz below the nominal FMT frequencies. Re-tuned my receiver when the offset was more than 1000 Hz. I used an Elecraft K4 hooked to a 40m 2 element yagi and a 160m OCF inverted V on 80m. I did not use the K4 10 MHz reference input but allowed the K4 to stabilize for a day. I used the K4 pan display to spot the call up and re-tune as necessary. I had the SpectrumLab set to look at 1000 Hz audio +/- 5 Hz so missed a couple. fldigi did not record a wave file even though had that box checked. Soapbox: Thanks Connie and Mike! This was a fun test with no QRM and very strong signals on 80 and 40. Used my main K4 station again this year but hoping next year to try this with my SDRplay RSPduo stabilized with a Bodnar GPSDO. | |||||||||
| W8EDU | OH | W8 | EN91em |
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Method: ICOM IC7610, GPS-Disciplined to Leo Bodnar 10 MHz GPSDO. Measurements made through FLDIGI, and calibrations were made to WWV 5 MHz signal. The antennas used were the Cushcraft R8 for 40m and Inverted V Dipole for 80m. Soapbox: W8EDU ran the contest during our Thursday operating hours. 20 students were present, cheering on our operators and learning about the methods of precision frequency measurement. Measurements were made by four club members who also are apart of the university marching band, who are frequency enthusiasts of more than one kind. The club was able to illustrate rf measurements in a fun and exciting way. | |||||||||
| W8TM | OH | W8 | EM79te |
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Method: Elecraft K3 calibrated vs. 10 MHz WWV. Soapbox: First FMT since moved to no-outdoor-antenna apartment in 2020. In-room wire provided weak signals for WWV on 30m and W8RKO on 40m; K5CM was S8/9 on 40m. Nothing heard on 80m. | |||||||||
| W8WTS | OH | W8 | EN91jj |
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Method: Bodnar mini as reference, receiver is FT-1000MP with my design REF module that is referenced to a separate Bodnar mini. Signal processing by Fldigi 4.1.23. Soapbox: All four signals were strong and stable in NE Ohio. I would be surprised if any of my measurements are off by > 1 Hz. I always enjoy seeing my alma mater station, W8EDU participate in FMT. Go Case! | |||||||||
| W9FLA | IN | W9 | EN71hd |
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Method: 160m OCF, Flex 6700 w/GPS, WSJT, Excel Soapbox: Thanks! | |||||||||
| W9GR | CA | W6 | CM99mg |
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Method: FlexRadio 6500 locked to Trimble GPSDO. DDS errors calculated and corrected. Denon digital audio recorder makes stereo WAV file of Flex audio output and a 2 kHz reference tone from a GPS locked HP3325A function generator to correct for sampling rate error in Denon recorder. Envelope weighted frequency measurement is made with homebrew GNU Octave code which analyzes the WAV files. Historically most of my measurements have been slightly low so this year I added a small correction factor which was the average of my November errors going back to 2016 for each station and each band. My April errors have been larger than my November errors, but in April the FMT usually starts before west coast sunset. Soapbox: Thanks to K5CM and W8RKO for their efforts. Good signals from both stations out here on the west coast. | |||||||||
| W9INE | CO | W0 | DN70gi |
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Method: FLEX-6700 & FLDIGI "FREQ ANALYSIS" mode. Soapbox: Signals were strong. S/N ranged from 30 dB to 60 dB (actually lower than April 2023). Distribution of data points were about the same for W8RKO and more divergent for W5CM compared to April 2023. | |||||||||
| W9MDB | NC | W4 | EM95lf |
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Method: IC-7300/Bodnar Mini GPS reference/FLDigi Soapbox: Team effort with WA1SXK -- curation of data done independently. | |||||||||
| W9TN | IN | W9 | EN60ok |
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Method: Tried yet another method. Sent live I/Q data from GPSDO referenced IC-7610 directly to Spectrum Lab via the Icom ExtIO DLL (same one used by HDSDR) and averaged peak readings. Measured 7610/Spectrum Lab error offset with GPSDO referenced signal generator after each run. Soapbox: Great signals with no QRM for all runs. Thanks Mike and Connie. | |||||||||
| WA1SXK | NC | W4 | EM95lf |
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Method: IC-7300 USING Bodnar GPSDO ref. signal. Record FMT test signal data using FLDIGI in FMT mode. Plot data on a charts to view and eliminate doppler. Soapbox: Good Signals from both stations on all bands in NC. No QRM on signals during this FMT test. Thank you both for performing the FMT test signals for us, hope to hear you both again in April 2024. Best of 73s to the FMT group, Eric/wa1sxk | |||||||||
| WA4FJC | VA | W4 | FM08lf |
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Method: HP SLM and Spectrum Lab as tuning indicator. Soapbox: Dont expect to be even close. Tnx to K5CM and W8RKO | |||||||||
| WA5UCW | NM | W5 | DM65sd |
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Method: DIY direct conversion receiver with quadrature sampling detector, Leo Bodnar GPSDO as master oscillator, polyphase network, 7th order elliptical low pass filter, horizontal loop antenna. WSJT-X in Freq Cal mode and Spectrum Lab to measure and log FMT data, Scilab and Excel to analyze and plot results, WWV over long-term interval for calibration. Soapbox: W8RKO on 40m was about 35 dB S/N - others were 40 db or more. Second by second frequency variations during keydown were wider than usual. I would enjoy having FMTs more often - maybe four times per year. Thanks to Connie, Michael, and ARRL for conducting this event. | |||||||||
| WA7BNM | CA | W6 | DM04td |
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Method: Receiver: Icom R-8600 Antenna: SteppIR DB-36 option at 70 ft - used 40m setting for both bands Software: Fldigi 4.1.26 Used GPSDO as external frequency reference for R-8600. Forgot that flrig needed to be running when using newer versions of fldigi Averaged Fldigi measurements during key-down period. Soapbox: Thanks to K5CM, W8RKO and the ARRL. All signals easy copy. | |||||||||
| WA7X | UT | W7 | DN40cq |
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Method: GPS locked signal generator compared with Spectran on PC Soapbox: Strong signals both bands, some Doppler. | |||||||||
| WB2CMF | NY | W2 | FN30lu |
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Method: Kenwood TS-2000, Cushcraft R8 Vertical for 40Meters, End Fed Dipole for 80 Meters, HP Win 10 Desktop, Rigblaster PC Interface, Fldigi software v4.0.13 in frequency analysis mode. Soapbox: Signals were good on both bands. Around S-9 on both bands. Little QSB.Thanks to Connie, Mike, and ARRL | |||||||||
| WB4DFW | SC | W4 | EM84nr |
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Method: Kenwood TS-480HX calibrated against WSJT-X (displayed frequency on WSJT-X @1000Hz offset plus .001002 differential). Soapbox: Great signals from both W8RKO and K5CM on both bands. May need to move the 80M frequency down 25 KHz or so to avoid my fellow Extra Class ops hanging on USB right at (or tonight BELOW) 3.600 Mhz. | |||||||||
| WB7ABP | CA | W6 | CM88ok |
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Method: Anan-100D, trimble thunderbolt, Fldigi 4.1.23 Soapbox: (none) | |||||||||
| WB8REI | OH | W8 | EN81jc |
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Method: used FLDIGI, WWV to calibrate sound card, HP8935 to calibrate ICOM IC-718, 40 meter dipole, 80 meter dipole. Was able to average about 60 samples per transmission. Soapbox: Signal strengths were fairly decent from both stations on all bands. Once the calling frequency was determined the key down freq was the same. Made tuning less hectic and allowed for more good samples. As always thanks for a great time! Jeff | |||||||||
| WQ8T | MI | W8 | EN74hf |
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Method: Equipment: HF2V antenna, an HP 3586C with an internal GPSDO, an RSP1A and a computer running SDRuno and DL4YHF's Spectrum Lab software to analyze a 15.625 kHz IF signal from the HP 3586C. Method: The RSP1A is used to find the frequency of the call-up signal and then the HP3586C is tuned to this frequency. SpecLab is used to determine the frequency of the peak of the IF signal from the HP3586C. The change of this value from 15.625 kHz is subtracted from the HP 3586C frequency setting to determine the received frequency. The sound card is calibrated using SpecLab’s continuous calibration using a 10 kHz reference signal, also from the HP3586C. Soapbox: Thank you K5CM and W8RKO. | |||||||||